I will cover 25 Startup Business Models which I think are very useful for any startup entrepreneur or founder that is currently thinking of starting a business or is currently looking for startup funding. Heck, even large corporate should know about these business models, as innovation should be core to future sustainability.
A startup business model is a way in which a startup generates revenue and makes a profit from company operations. Typically, Startups prioritise highly scalable business models that allow them to have minimal assets and minimal heavy capital expenditure requirements. Venture capital analysts use the metric gross profit as a way to compare the efficiency and effectiveness of a firm's business model.
While we list all the possible Startup business models here, do note that each business is unique and typically has a mix of 1-3 of these business models over a period of time. Here we go!
| Business Model | Example Startup |
| Marketplace | Amazon |
| Sponsorship | Youtube |
| Franchise | McDonalds |
| Reseller | Godaddy |
| White Labelling / Private Labelling | Foxconn |
| Disintermediation | Alibaba |
| Subscription | Spotify |
| Leasing | Flex (car leasing) |
| Pre-order | Tesla |
| Per-per-use | Spotify, Telcos (call credits) |
| Freemium | Google Workspace |
| Bait and Hook | Apple (iPod/iTunes) |
| Reverse Action | Freelancer.com |
| Monopoly | Google (92% of searches) |
Business Model Definition
A Marketplace business model is defined as a business that charges a transaction fee via a platform for buyers and sellers.
Why Does This Business Model Work For Startups?
There isn't much cost to run a server these days, and the costs only get lower.
It's just connecting supply and demand rather than dealing with inventory (a lot less risk).
Example Companies Using This Business Model
Amazon
Uber
Business Model Definition
The sponsorship business model is defined as a business that makes money from sponsors, where the users do not have to pay. The term was coined right here at Nexea during one of our discussions.
Why Does This Business Model Work For Startups?
Great products that are free tend to attract millions of users
People do not mind unobtrusive ads or logo placements.
Example Companies Using This Business Model
Online Services - Youtube, Gmail, Wikipedia
Sports Industry - Football teams, Sports Associations
Business Model Definition
Franchisees (the borrower) pay royalties (a percentage of revenue) to the Master Franchise to use the brand, and to get access to operations and know-how. Usually for location restricted businesses or capital restricted businesses.
Why Does This Business Model Work For Startups?
Rapid growth can be achieved without much capital vs full ownership
By franchising, there will be a steady stream of income without the need for too much additional capital.
Local knowledge from each franchisee helps to adapt the business to different environments.
Example Companies Using This Business Model
B2B SaaS Businesses: Talkwalker
Any retail business: Fast Food Chains, Fitness Centres
Source: http://tech.co/online-franchising-key-business-growth-2015-09
Business Model Definition
The Reseller Business Model is defined as a business that gets 'reselling agents' to sell products on their behalf.
Why Does This Business Model Work For Startups?
Lower inventory risk, which is passed on to the reselling agent
Fewer salespeople needed, which reduces a lot of HR cost.
Example Companies Using This Business Model
Website hosting companies: Godaddy, Bluehost
Multi-Level Marketing Companies: Avon, Amway
Business Model Definition
The White Labelling/Private Labelling Business Model is defined as a business that allows 'agents' to use their own branding.
Why Does This Business Model Work For Startups?
Lower risk of damaging your own brand
You can focus on product development or manufacturing
Example Companies Using This Business Model
OEM manufacturers: Foxconn
SaaS companies: Godaddy, Talkwalker
Also known as the Cut out the middleman business model.
Business Model Definition
The Disintermediation Business Model is defined as a business that cuts out the middleman.
Why Does This Business Model Work For Startups?
Cutting out the middleman reduces a lot of cost for the end-user.
It creates a competitive advantage over more traditional businesses that had to rely on middlemen in the past due to reach constraints.
Example Companies Using This Business Model
Manufacturers: Dell, Tesla, Xiaomi
Wholesalers: Walmart, Alibaba
Direct Sales: Amway, Avon
Business Model Definition
The Subscription Business Model is defined as a business that sells a product on a subscription basis rather than a one-off basis
Why Does This Business Model Work For Startups?
Stable, recurring cash flows for the lifetime of each customer can be achieved, creating a financially healthy business.
Certain segments of customers want to pay in many small chunks rather than one large chunk, in case they might want to cancel soon.
No need to re-order products regularly
Example Companies Using This Business Model
SaaS companies: Salesforce, Google Apps
Media Companies: Spotify, Magazines, Online Content
Business Model Definition
The Leasing Business Model is defined as a business that rents out costly assets at high margins.
Why Does This Business Model Work For Startups?
Not everyone can afford expensive assets such as homes, cars, or jets.
Example Companies Using This Business Model
Car Leasing: GoCar (Malaysia)
Timeshare Companies: Jet Timeshares, Castle Timeshares, etc
Business Model Definition
The Preorder Business Model is defined as a business that sells products before it is made or delivered.
Why Does This Business Model Work For Startups?
Getting cash up front is always good for cash flows in any business.
Businesses can order exact materials from suppliers since they can now know the demand ahead of time.
Businesses pre orders gave an advantage over those that don't since they would get the sales first.
Example Companies Using This Business Model
Manufacturers: Tesla, Nintendo
Custom-Made Goods: Online Jewellery Businesses, Online Flower Businesses
Also known as the Pay as You Go Business Model.
Business Model Definition
The Pay-Per-Use Business Model is defined as a business that collects money up front for users to use over time.
Why Does This Business Model Work For Startups?
Customers love it when they only pay when they use, so it is usually easier to get customers on board.
Businesses that use a credit based pay-per-use system benefit from upfront cash payments.
There is no need for upgrades as the users will just pay more for extra usage.
Example Companies Using This Business Model
Telco's: Phone Credits
Spotify
Business Model Definition
The Freemium Business Model is defined as a business that offers a low-tier product for free (some businesses even lose money on this) and forces users to pay for higher-tier products or upgrades.
Why Does This Business Model Work For Startups?
Free-tier products are the bait to get users to sign up, to self-learn about the product, and then to get 'stuck' with the product when all their hard work cannot be transferred to a competing service. Once users are stuck with you, they will hopefully upgrade once they hit the free tier limits.
Example Companies Using This Business Model
Gmail for Businesses (Google Apps)
Adobe PDF Reader
Also known as the Hub and Spoke Business Model or the Razor Blade Business Model.
Business Model Definition
The Bait and Hook Business Model is defined as a business that sells a highly needed service/product cheap (or if it is free, then this is known as the Freemium Business Model) and then makes money with complimentary products or upsells that will be required in the future.
Why Does This Business Model Work For Startups?
Baits work very well, with a very low entry point for customers to purchase the product/service.
The Hook works when the user has fully used up a complimentary product that has a lifetime, e.g. razors, or requires additional services
Unlike the Freemium Business Model (above), businesses have the option to break even on their initial sales rather than lose money.
Example Companies Using This Business Model
Consumable Products: Razors & Blades, Printer & Ink
SaaS Companies: GoDaddy (Domains/Hosting), Apple (iPod/iTunes)
Business Model Definition
The Reverse Auction Business Model is defined as a business that takes a commission on trades where sellers competitively bid to offer services/products to buyers.
Why Does This Business Model Work For Startups?
This marketplace business is unique in that it attracts the buyers first in order to bring in sellers that are under pressure to make money.
Typically works in markets that have an oversupply of sellers (highly competitive) and an under-supply of buyers.
Example Companies Using This Business Model
Service Marketplaces: Freelancer.com, Elance.com
While this is barely a business model itself, I have included it to highlight that it makes more money using any business model above.
Business Model Definition
The Monopoly Business Model is defined as a business that makes more money over their existing business model, by cornering the entire market and raising prices.
Why Does This Business Model Work For Startups?
By controlling the vast majority of the market, most customers have no choice but to purchase from a single company.
Prices can be set by the company as high as customers are willing to pay for their needs to be covered, for the maximum profitability of any specific market.
Example Companies Using This Business Model
Luxottica - who owns Oakley, RayBan, and many others.
I found these other business models all over the internet, but I doubt they can be fully classified as business models for the following reasons.
From the HBR table of business models:
Bundling iPod and iTunes or Fast-food value meals are more of a value-add strategy to stimulate more sales. The activity of 'bundling' alone does not generate revenue. iTunes' revenue is more of a subscription business model, and McDonald's, for example, is more of a franchise business model (franchising in itself generates income for the company).
Charging different rates for different levels of service seems to be a pricing strategy. Telcos are in general more of a subscription business model kind of business.
Getting a group of people to contribute content to access other people's content is definitely not a way for businesses to make money. Wikipedia (which the HBR article referenced) does not make a cent and is actually sponsored, hence it is based on a Sponsorship Business Model.
It is more of a business strategy to reduce the cost of ownership for things like private jets. Netjets or any other time-share businesses are really based on a leasing business model.
This is surely a pricing strategy and not a literal activity of making money. Selling something for cheap like Walmart is more of a wholesale disintermediation business model.
Product as a service is really fractionalization strategy performed by Zipcar (short term car leasing), and therefore actually based on a leasing business model.
Standardising a product or service does not make money in itself.
Communities are not a business model, but more of a user acquisition strategy. Angie's list uses the sponsorship business model.
From the rest of the internet:
I think it is a great business strategy to offer services on demand. However, I do not see it generating revenue in itself. Uber, for example, has really more of a marketplace business model where passengers and drivers meet.
SaaS seems to be more of what they sell (software) and how they do it (regular updates at no additional cost, and usually web-based). A lot of SaaS companies make money via a subscription business model.
This is more of a strategy to reduce delivery costs for example. For the user, there could be less waiting time at the store or clinic. This "self-pick up" strategy is used by Dominos Pizza, at least in Australia.
Use this to help you plan out your entire business model. A good description of what it means can be found on Wikipedia. And, here is an example usage for the Business Model Canvas;
Any thoughts on the above? Let me know below. I will be glad to explain/discuss/edit the above further. If you have any more ideas on business models, feel free to let me know too. And, be sure to like us on Facebook for updates!
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